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Mathematics plays a crucial role in financial planning. It is necessary for valuing investments, determining yields, and evaluating and comparing investments and financing arrangements . Mathematics is the most powerful tool for making quantitative evaluations in finance, spanning from macroeconomic analysis to risk management . Studies have shown that mathematics is useful in achieving successful completion of accounting courses, improving the odds of success in introductory financial accounting . Financial mathematics provides a basic connotation and has important applications in the financial field, such as stochastic optimal control theory and capital asset pricing model . Mathematical programming procedures, including linear programming, goal programming, and integer programming, have been utilized to structure complex decision environments and understand the dynamics of financial systems . Overall, mathematics is essential for various aspects of financial planning, enabling quantitative analysis, decision-making, and optimization.